An Emission Inventory of Ammonia Ready for Photochemical Modeling Study: Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand

Abstract:

Increased attention is being paid to accurate quantification and characterization of NH3 emissions as it is an important reactant for formation of atmospheric aerosols. These secondary aerosols contribute up to 50% mass of fine aerosols in atmosphere. Ammonia can be emitted from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Significant anthropogenic sources of NH3 are livestock, application of chemical fertilizers, biomass burning, human excreta and waste, industrial processes, and fossil fuel combustion. Ammonia from biogenic sources is mostly the volatilization of soil microbial production and oceans. This paper presents the ammonia emission inventory in BMR, Thailand. The main purpose is to prepare and develop NH3 input data, which will be ready for photochemical modeling aerosol study in the area. The emission inventory in this study was limited to four predominant sources, which are lived stock, fertilized soils, biogenic soils and biomass open burning (mainly rice straw burning). The spatial allocation is applied to every category of emission sources. The results show that livestock is the major source accounting for 13.88 GgNH3, followed by fertilized soils, biomass burning, and biogenic soil emission at about 10.32, 7.31 and 1.18 GgNH3 respectively, as annual estimation.

Keywords: ammonia emission inventory, spatial distribution, Bangkok