1 km x 1 km RESOLUTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL EMISSIONS INVENTORY OF MULTI-SPECIES FOR THAILAND: PRESENT ESTIMATION

Abstract:

A new anthropogenic and natural emission inventory was developed over Thailand, covering key point, mobile, and area sources. Emissions include primary gaseous and aerosol species. Methodology to calculate emissions is based on bottom-up and semi bottom-up approaches. Relevant data is collected from several governmental organizations and site surveys. Emission factors are adopted from the US EPA, IPCC, CORINAIR as well as locally developed. Annual emission estimation with based year 2005 are as follows: 790.3 Gg of NOx; 886.0 Gg of SO2; 9,465.9 Gg of CO; 2,583.1 Gg of NMVOC; 439.2 Gg of NH3; 1,277.4 Gg of PM10; 325.5 Gg of OC; and 136.4 Gg of BC. In addition, 195.9 Tg of CO2 is included in the inventory as a preliminary study, taking into account for power (37.78%), industrial (33.21%), and transportation (29.01%) sectors. Dominant anthropogenic emissions are NOx, SO2, CO, and PM10 (~92.50%-99.97%) while NMVOC emissions are from natural sources (53.51%). The inter-comparison with literatures shows fair to acceptable agreement. Emissions were predicted to the year 2027 based on Business As Usual (BAU) scenario of governmental trend. Emission projection shows increasing 111.93% of NOx, 147.94% of SO2, 98.03% of CO, and 198.57% of CO2. Spatial allocations with 1 km x 1 km resolution (~510,000 grids) indicate that anthropogenic sources are mostly allocated in the Central and Eastern regions while natural sources are widely distributed in boundary regions. The results are expected to support emissions management strategies and air quality studies.